Acid Reflux (Heartburn): Causes | Risk factors | Symptoms | Lifestyle changes

Acid reflux is a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes inappropriately, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. This can lead to heartburn, a burning feeling beneath the sternum in the middle of the chest, particularly after eating. Heartburn is a symptom of acid reflux, also called gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Other indications of acid reflux can include regurgitation, a sensation of chest pain, nausea, and challenges with swallowing.

Causes

GERD occurs due to frequent acid reflux or the reflux of nonacidic substances from the stomach.

When you swallow, a circular muscle band at the bottom of the esophagus, known as the lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes to permit food and liquid to enter the stomach. After that, the sphincter closes once more. If the sphincter doesn’t relax as it should or becomes weak, stomach acid may flow back into the esophagus. This persistent backwash of acid irritates the esophagus lining, often leading to inflammation.

Acid reflux risk factors

Acid reflux can impact individuals of any age, sometimes for unclear reasons. It may occur due to lifestyle choices, but some factors may be beyond prevention.

The risk factors associated with experiencing acid reflux or GERD include:

Excess weight.
A hiatal hernia is when the upper part of the stomach bulges above the diaphragm.
Being pregnant.
Disorders of connective tissue, such as scleroderma.
Slow digestion of the stomach.
low levels of physical activity
Certain medications, such as those for asthma, calcium-channel blockers, antihistamines, pain relievers, sedatives, and antidepressants

Foods and dietary practices that have been associated with acid reflux:

Consuming large meals or eating close to bedtime.
Eating specific foods, like fatty or fried items.
Drinking particular beverages, such as alcohol or coffee.
Tomatoes and tomato-based sauces
Onions and garlic
Reclining within 2-3 hours after a meal
Consuming chocolate, fizzy drinks, and acidic juices

Symptoms of Acid Reflux

Acid reflux symptoms can vary based on your food intake, and may include:

Common symptoms of acid reflux are:

Heartburn. A burning sensation or discomfort that travels from your stomach to your abdomen or chest and may even reach your throat.
Regurgitation. A sour or bitter-tasting acid backing up into your throat or mouth

Other symptoms of acid reflux disease include:

Chest pain
Coughing
Difficulty swallowing
Nausea or vomiting
Voice changes (huskiness or scratchiness)
Bloating.
Blood in stools or vomit that appears bloody or dark.
Belching.
Dysphagia is the feeling of food stuck in your throat.
Persistent hiccups.
Unexplained weight loss.
Wheezing
constant sore throat.
Halitosis and/or an unpleasant taste in the mouth.
Chest discomfort.
Asthma.

Adults suffering from GERD, the long-term form of acid reflux, may encounter extra symptoms such as cavities, a recurring sore throat, laryngitis, unpleasant breath, swollen gums, and increased saliva production.

Lifestyle changes

Lifestyle changes that could be beneficial comprise:

enhancing posture, such as maintaining a straighter sitting position
keeping a healthy body weight
quitting smoking
increasing fiber intake
steering clear of late-night eating
raising the bed during sleep
consuming smaller meals more frequently throughout the day

When to see a doctor

Suppose you experience chest pain, especially alongside shortness of breath or pain in your jaw or arm. In that case, it’s essential to seek medical assistance immediately, as these could indicate a heart attack. Alternatively, if you have severe or recurring GERD symptoms, you should also seek help.

Acid reflux complications

Without treatment, chronic acid reflux or GERD can lead to serious complications, including:

Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus lining, which may cause irritation, bleeding, or ulcers.
Strictures: Scar tissue from stomach acid can develop, resulting in difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck.
Barrett’s esophagus: Repeated acid exposure can alter esophageal cells, increasing the risk of cancer.

Conclusion

Not everyone with acid reflux shows symptoms; some may have it without realizing it. Common symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, nausea, and difficulty swallowing. Chest pain may also indicate a medical emergency, like a heart attack, so consult a medical professional if unsure.